Backdrop
The Horizon H2020 program, the European Science Foundation, the French National Research Agency (ANR), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI), the legislator and French Conference of University Presidents (CPU) have launched numerous initiatives to strengthen the ethical commitment of researchers and institutions and meet societal expectations in the interests of democracy.
In the long term, it should be noted that the framework program for research and development (PCRD) and the ANR will only fund research projects if ethics and scientific integrity policies are successfully implemented in the beneficiary institutions.
Furthermore, scientific publishers and funding agencies increasingly demand ethics reports for projects. In addition to the ethics committees, associations organize conferences and implement recommendations and measures to promote ethics, integrity and social responsibility.
There have been several instances where international, European or French researchers from all disciplines have seriously breached scientific integrity, which highlights the urgency and importance of assuming our scientific and social responsibility at a time of techno-scientific controversy, where research is becoming increasingly globalized and knowledge is commodified. If we look beyond the individuals who transgress ethical standards through fraudulent practices, plagiarism and the falsification of data, it is our research facilities that are truly in crisis and plagued by conflicting values.
Scientific research has undergone profound changes in the organizational structures of its institutions, its practices and professional identities, its infrastructures and its techno-scientific potential. These changes are in addition to those experienced by the research industry since 1980 regarding globalization, the operation modes of projects and methods of financing, which have altered time frames, objectives and scientific evaluation criteria.
Against this backdrop, breaches of scientific integrity harm the credibility and reputation of institutions, are costly for society (in terms of waste, cancelled projects and penalties) and deprive future generations of opportunities. In short, these changes place researchers and research associations in a state of ethical dilemma with paradoxical requirements and have a dramatic impact on professions, identity and professional models. They incite moral panic among researchers, as well as crises of confidence in society.
It is in this context that the Université de Lyon started discussions and took measures to strengthen the role of ethics in higher education and research, which culminated in the Université de Lyon's 'Landscapes of Ethics' report.